Oxygen concentrators performance with nitrous oxide at 50:50 volume.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few investigations have addressed the safety of oxygen from concentrators for use in anesthesia in association with nitrous oxide. This study evaluated the percent of oxygen from a concentrator in association with nitrous oxide in a semi-closed rebreathing circuit. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing low risk surgery were randomly allocated into two groups, receiving a fresh gas flow of oxygen from concentrators (O293) or of oxygen from concentrators and nitrous oxide (O293N2O). The fraction of inspired oxygen and the percentage of oxygen from fresh gas flow were measured every 10 min. The ratio of FiO2/oxygen concentration delivered was compared at various time intervals and between the groups. RESULTS: Thirty patients were studied in each group. There was no difference in oxygen from concentrators over time for both groups, but there was a significant improvement in the FiO2 (p<0.001) for O293 group while a significant decline (p<0.001) for O293N2O. The FiO2/oxygen ratio varied in both groups, reaching a plateau in the O293 group. Pulse oximetry did not fall below 98.5% in either group. CONCLUSION: The FiO2 in the mixture of O293 and nitrous oxide fell during the observation period although oxygen saturation was higher than 98.5% throughout the study. Concentrators can be considered a stable source of oxygen for use during short anesthetic procedures, either pure or in association with nitrous oxide at 50:50 volume.

Oxygen concentrators performance with nitrous oxide at 50:50 volume / Desempenho de concentradores de oxigênio com óxido nitroso em volume de 50:50 / Rendimiento de los concentradores de oxígeno con óxido nitroso a un volumen de 50:50

Background and objectives: Few investigations have addressed the safety of oxygen from concentrators for use in anesthesia in association with nitrous oxide. This study evaluated the percent of oxygen from a concentrator in association with nitrous oxide in a semi-closed rebreathing circuit. Methods: Adult patients undergoing low risk surgery were randomly allocated into two groups, receiving a fresh gas flow of oxygen from concentrators (O293) or of oxygen from concentrators and nitrous oxide (O293N2O). The fraction of inspired oxygen and the percentage of oxygen from fresh gas flow were measured every 10 min. The ratio of FiO2/oxygen concentration delivered was compared at various time intervals and between the groups. Results: Thirty patients were studied in each group. There was no difference in oxygen from concentrators over time for both groups, but there was a significant improvement in the FiO2 (p < 0.001) for O293 group while a significant decline (p < 0.001) for O293N2O. The FiO2/oxygen ratio varied in both groups, reaching a plateau in the O293 group. Pulse oximetry did not fall below 98.5% in either group. Conclusion: The FiO2 in the mixture of O293 and nitrous oxide fell during the observation period although oxygen saturation was higher than 98.5% throughout the study. Concentrators can be considered a stable source of oxygen for use during short anesthetic procedures, either pure or in association with nitrous oxide at 50:50 volume. .

Justificativa e objetivos: poucas pesquisas abordaram a segurança do oxigênio a partir de concentradores para uso em anestesia em associação com óxido nitroso. Este estudo avaliou a porcentagem de oxigênio a partir de um concentrador em associação com óxido nitroso em um circuito de reinalação semifechado. Métodos: pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia de baixo risco foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos e receberam um fluxo de gases frescos de concentradores de oxigênio (O293) ou de concentradores de oxigênio e óxido nitroso (O293N2O). A fração inspirada de oxigênio e a porcentagem do fluxo de gases frescos de oxigênio foram medidas a cada 10 minutos. O razão da concentração liberada de FiO2/oxigênio foi comparada em diferentes intervalos de tempo e entre os grupos. Resultados: foram avaliados em cada grupo 30 pacientes. Não houve diferença em oxigênio a partir dos concentradores ao longo do tempo para ambos os grupos, mas houve uma melhora significativa da FiO2 (p < 0,001) no grupo O293, enquanto houve uma queda significativa (p < 0,001) no grupo O293N2O. A razão FiO2/oxigênio variou em ambos os grupos e atingiu um patamar no grupo O293. A oximetria de pulso não caiu abaixo de 98,5% em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: a FiO2 na mistura de O293 e óxido nitroso caiu durante o período de observação, embora a saturação de oxigênio tenha ficado acima de 98,5% durante todo o estudo. Os concentradores podem ser considerados uma fonte estável de oxigênio para uso durante procedimentos anestésicos de curta duração, tanto puro quanto em associação com óxido nitroso em volume de 50:50. .

Justificación y objetivos: pocas investigaciones han abordado la seguridad del oxígeno a partir de concentradores para su uso en anestesia en asociación con el óxido nitroso. Este estudio evaluó el porcentaje de oxígeno de un concentrador en asociación con el óxido nitroso en un circuito de reinhalación semicerrado. Métodos: pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía de bajo riesgo fueron asignados aleatoriamente en 2 grupos, para recibir un flujo de gases frescos de concentradores de oxígeno (O293) o de concentradores de oxígeno y óxido nitroso (O293NO). La fracción inspirada de oxígeno y el porcentaje del flujo de gases frescos de oxígeno fueron medidos cada 10 min. La relación concentración liberada de FiO2/oxígeno fue comparada en diferentes intervalos de tiempo y entre los grupos. Resultados: treinta pacientes fueron evaluados en cada grupo. No hubo diferencia en el oxígeno de los concentradores a lo largo del tiempo para ambos grupos, pero sí hubo una mejoría significativa en la FiO2 (p < 0,001) en el grupo O293, mientras que hubo una caída significativa (p < 0,001) en el grupo O293NO. La relación FiO2/oxígeno varió en ambos grupos, alcanzando una meseta en el grupo O293. La oximetría de pulso no descendió por debajo del 98,5% en ningún grupo. Conclusión: la FiO2 en la mezcla de O293 y óxido nitroso cayó durante el período de observación, aunque la saturación de oxígeno quedó por encima de un 98,5% durante todo el estudio. Los concentradores pueden ser considerados una fuente estable de oxígeno para uso durante procedimientos anestésicos de corta duración, tanto puro como en asociación con el óxido nitroso en volumen de 50:50. .

Preoperative coping mechanisms have no predictive value for postoperative pain in breast cancer

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between psychological coping mechanisms and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative and postoperative periods in relation to the intensity of postoperative pain among patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Methods: Female patients who were scheduled to receive immediate surgical treatment for breast cancer were invited to participate, and answered the following questionnaires: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Of the 139 patients, 122 (87.8%) had an aggressive procedure. Eighty-five patients (61.2%) had a history of preoperative pain while 54 (38.7%) had not. There was no difference in VAS scores between patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. Only the CSQ subscale catastrophizing showed correlation with VAS at 24 hours and with HADS/D postoperatively. The HADS scores indicated both anxiety and depression, but did not distinguish patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. Conclusions: The majority of patients did not exhibit depression and anxiety. Coping mechanisms and pain in the preoperative period did not have a strong predictive value for additional postoperative pain, but those with a higher anxiety score had greater pain. .

Preoperative coping mechanisms have no predictive value for postoperative pain in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the relationship between psychological coping mechanisms and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative and postoperative periods in relation to the intensity of postoperative pain among patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. METHODS: Female patients who were scheduled to receive immediate surgical treatment for breast cancer were invited to participate, and answered the following questionnaires: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), and the visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: Of the 139 patients, 122 (87.8%) had an aggressive procedure. Eighty-five patients (61.2%) had a history of preoperative pain while 54 (38.7%) had not. There was no difference in VAS scores between patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. Only the CSQ subscale catastrophizing showed correlation with VAS at 24 hours and with HADS/D postoperatively. The HADS scores indicated both anxiety and depression, but did not distinguish patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients did not exhibit depression and anxiety. Coping mechanisms and pain in the preoperative period did not have a strong predictive value for additional postoperative pain, but those with a higher anxiety score had greater pain.

A comparative study of non-lipid nanoemulsion of propofol with solutol and propofol emulsion with lecithin.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some formulations have been proposed to reduce the adverse reactions due to the lipid emulsion containing soybean oil used as propofol carrier. This study for endoscopy sedation was aimed at evaluating and comparing the safety, effectiveness and adverse effects of the use of propofol nanoemulsion compared to propofol currently commercialized. METHOD: In this prospective study, 150 patients were submitted to upper digestive endoscopy. These patients were allocated into two groups: the control group (CONT Group; n=75) and the nanoemulsion group (NE Group; n=75). HR, SBP, DBP, SpO(2) and BIS (which is considered to be appropriate between 65 and 75 during procedure) were monitored. Gender, age, weight, height, BMI, ASA physical status, times and doses were analyzed, as well as adverse effects (phlogistic signs and pain on injection, apnea, nausea/vomiting) and alterations in monitoring variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The groups had similar results concerning anthropometric data and physical status. None of the patients developed apnea or presented phlogistic signs in the injection site. The incidence of pain on injection in the CONT Group was 82.7% and 53.3% in the NE Group (p<0.001), and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was 10.7% in the CONT Group and 2.7% in the NE Group (p>0.05). The times, induction doses and the SBP and DBP values at the end of examination and at the moment of discharge from the PACU were lower in the NE Group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lipid propofol and propofol nanoemulsion were equivalent concerning effectiveness, safety and adverse effects in the doses used. There was a lower incidence of pain on injection in the nanoemulsion formulation.

Estudo comparativo entre propofol em nanoemulsão não lipídica com solutol e em emulsão com lecitina / A comparative study of non-lipid nanoemulsion of propofol with solutol and propofol emulsion with lecithin / Estudio comparativo entre el propofol en la nanoemulsión no lipídica con solutol y en la emulsión con lecitina

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Formulações têm sido propostas com o objetivo de reduzir as reações adversas decorrentes da emulsão lipídica de óleo de soja utilizada como veículo do propofol. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente, em sedação para endoscopia, a segurança, eficácia e efeitos adversos do uso do propofol em nanoemulsão em relação ao propofol comercializado atualmente. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo 150 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos endoscópicos digestivos altos, divididos em grupo-controle (Grupo CONT; n = 75) e grupo nanoemulsão (Grupo NE; n = 75). Foram monitorados FC, PAS, PAD, SpO2 e BIS (considerado apropriado entre 65 e 75, durante o procedimento). Foram analisados: gênero, idade, peso, altura, IMC, estado físico ASA; tempos e doses utilizadas; efeitos adversos (sinais flogísticos e dor à injeção, apneia, náuseas/vômitos) e alterações nas variáveis de monitoramento. Considerou-se significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram homogêneos quanto aos dados antropométricos e estado físico. Nenhum paciente apresentou apneia nem sinais flogísticos no local da injeção. A incidência de dor à injeção no grupo CONT foi 82,7% e 53,3% no grupo NE (p < 0,001) e de náuseas e vômitos foi 10,7% no grupo CONT e 2,7% no grupo NE (p > 0,05). Os tempos, as doses de indução e os valores das PAS e PAD ao final do exame e no momento da alta da SRPA foram menores no grupo NE (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O propofol lipídico e o propofol em nanoemulsão, nas doses utilizadas, foram equivalentes em relação a eficácia, segurança e efeitos adversos, ressaltando-se a menor incidência de dor à injeção da formulação em nanoemulsão.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some formulations have been proposed to reduce the adverse reactions due to the lipid emulsion containing soybean oil used as propofol carrier. This study for endoscopy sedation was aimed at evaluating and comparing the safety, effectiveness and adverse effects of the use of propofol nanoemulsion compared to propofol currently commercialized. METHOD: In this prospective study, 150 patients were submitted to upper digestive endoscopy. These patients were allocated into two groups: the control group (CONT Group; n = 75) and the nanoemulsion group (NE Group; n = 75). HR, SBP, DBP, SpO2 and BIS (which is considered to be appropriate between 65 and 75 during procedure) were monitored. Gender, age, weight, height, BMI, ASA physical status, times and doses were analyzed, as well as adverse effects (phlogistic signs and pain on injection, apnea, nausea/vomiting) and alterations in monitoring variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The groups had similar results concerning anthropometric data and physical status. None of the patients developed apnea or presented phlogistic signs in the injection site. The incidence of pain on injection in the CONT Group was 82.7% and 53.3% in the NE Group (p < 0.001), and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was 10.7% in the CONT Group and 2.7% in the NE Group (p > 0.05). The times, induction doses and the SBP and DBP values at the end of examination and at the moment of discharge from the PACU were lower in the NE Group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lipid propofol and propofol nanoemulsion were equivalent concerning effectiveness, safety and adverse effects in the doses used. There was a lower incidence of pain on injection in the nanoemulsion formulation.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las formulaciones han sido propuestas con el objetivo de reducir las reacciones adversas provenientes de la emulsión lipídica de aceite de soja utilizada como vehículo del propofol. El objetivo de este estudio, fue la evaluación comparativa en la sedación para la endoscopia, la seguridad, la eficacia y los efectos adversos del uso del propofol en la nanoemulsión con relación al propofol actualmente comercializado. MÉTODO: En este estudio prospectivo se incluyeron 150 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos endoscópicos digestivos altos, divididos en grupo control (Grupo CONT; n = 75) y grupo nanoemulsión (Grupo NE; n = 75). Se monitorizaron FC, PAS, PAD, SpO2 y BIS (considerado apropiado entre 65 y 75, durante el procedimiento). Fueron analizados el sexo, la edad, el peso, la altura, el IMC, el estado físico ASA; tiempos y dosis utilizados; efectos adversos (signos flogísticos y dolor a la inyección, apnea, náuseas/vómitos) y las alteraciones en las variables de monitorización. Se consideró como significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a los datos antropométricos y al estado físico. Ningún paciente presentó apnea ni signos flogísticos en la región de la inyección. La incidencia de dolor a la inyección en el grupo CONT fue de 82,7% y 53,3% en el grupo NE (p < 0,001) y de náuseas y vómitos fue 10,7% en el grupo CONT y 2,7% en el grupo NE (p > 0,05). Los tiempos, las dosis de inducción y los valores de las PAS y PAD al final del examen y en el momento del alta de la SRPA fueron menores en el grupo NE (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El propofol lipídico y el propofol en nanoemulsión en las dosis utilizadas, fueron equivalentes con relación a la eficacia, seguridad y efectos adversos, destacando la menor incidencia de dolor a la inyección de la formulación en nanoemulsión.

Difficult intubation in children: applicability of the Mallampati index.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The concern of facing difficult airways brought the need of developing predictive testing for difficult intubation. Those tests were developed primarily for adult populations. In pediatric patients studies always focus on patients with congenital malformation, polytraumatized, and newborns. The objective of the present study was to determine the applicability of the predictive test used more often in adults, the Mallampati index, in patients 4 to 8 years old, correlating it with the Cormack-Lehane index. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients 4 to 8 years of age, ASA I, without any type of congenital malformation, genetic syndromes or cognitive deficits were evaluated. The Mallampati index was applied to patients during the pre-anesthetic evaluation. Evaluation of the Cormack-Lehane index was performed after anesthetic induction. A p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The Mallampati index showed a significant correlation with the Cormack-Lehane index. The sensitivity and specificity of the Mallampati index were 75.8% and 96.2% respectively, but the sensitivity showed a wide confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS: The Mallampati index was proven to be applicable in children 4 to 8 years old.

Intubação difícil em crianças: aplicabilidade do índice de Mallampati / Difficult intubation in children: applicability of the Mallampati index

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A preocupação de estar diante de uma via aérea difícil trouxe à tona a necessidade de se desenvolverem testes preditivos de intubação difícil. Tais testes foram, primariamente, desenvolvidos para populações adultas. Nos pacientes pediátricos, os estudos existentes sempre trataram de pacientes com malformações congênitas, politraumatizados e recém-nascidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, em pacientes na faixa etária de 4 a 8 anos, a aplicabilidade do teste preditivo de intubação difícil mais comumente utilizado em adultos, o índice de Mallampati, correlacionando-o com o índice de Cormack-Lehane. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 108 pacientes com idades entre 4 e 8 anos, ASA I, sem quaisquer tipos de malformações anatômicas, síndromes genéticas ou déficits cognitivos. Os pacientes foram submetidos, durante a avaliação pré-anestésica, ao índice de Mallampati. Após a indução anestésica, realizava-se a avaliação do índice de Cormack-Lehane. Nos testes estatísticos p < 0,05, foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: O índice de Mallampati apresentou correlação significativa com o índice de Cormack-Lehane. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do índice de Mallampati foram, respectivamente, de 75,8 por cento e 96,2 por cento, mas o intervalo de confiança da sensibilidade foi muito grande. CONCLUSÕES: O índice de Mallampati se mostrou aplicável em crianças de 4 a 8 anos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The concern of facing difficult airways brought the need of developing predictive testing for difficult intubation. Those tests were developed primarily for adult populations. In pediatric patients studies always focus on patients with congenital malformation, polytraumatized, and newborns. The objective of the present study was to determine the applicability of the predictive test used more often in adults, the Mallampati index, in patients 4 to 8 years old, correlating it with the Cormack-Lehane index. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients 4 to 8 years of age, ASA I, without any type of congenital malformation, genetic syndromes or cognitive deficits were evaluated. The Mallampati index was applied to patients during the pre-anesthetic evaluation. Evaluation of the Cormack-Lehane index was performed after anesthetic induction. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The Mallampati index showed a significant correlation with the Cormack-Lehane index. The sensitivity and specificity of the Mallampati index were 75.8 percent and 96.2 percent respectively, but the sensitivity showed a wide confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS: The Mallampati index was proven to be applicable in children 4 to 8 years old.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La preocupación de estar frente a una vía aérea difícil, nos hizo desarrollar test predictivos de intubación difícil. Esos test fueron en principio desarrollados para las poblaciones adultas. En los pacientes pediátricos, los estudios existentes siempre trataron a pacientes con malformaciones congénitas, politraumatizados y recién nacidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la verificación en pacientes entre los 4 a los 8 años de edad, la aplicabilidad del test predictivo de intubación difícil que es más a menudo utilizado en los adultos, y el índice de Mallampati, correlacionándolo con el índice de Cormack-Lehane. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 108 pacientes con edades los 4 y los 8 años, ASA I, sin ningún tipo de malformaciones anatómicas, síndromes genéticos o déficits cognitivos. Durante la evaluación preanestésica, los pacientes se sometieron al índice de Mallampati. Después de la inducción anestésica, se realizó la evaluación del índice de Cormack-Lehane. En los test estadísticos p < 0,05 fue considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: El índice de Mallampati presentó una correlación significativa con el índice de Cormack-Lehane. La sensibilidad y la especificidad del índice de Mallampati fueron respectivamente, de 75,8 por ciento y 96,2 por ciento, pero el intervalo de confianza de la sensibilidad fue mucho mayor. CONCLUSIONES: El índice de Mallampati fue aplicable en niños de 4 a 8 años.

Acupuncture as adjuvant therapy in thalamic syndrome: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebrovascular diseases are responsible for a large proportion of deaths in the world. Among survivors, the majority of limiting sequelae observed is motor in origin; but when sensorial pathways or centers are affected patients can evolve with sensorial changes in the body region represented by the area of the brain affected. When the affected area is related to the thalamus the patient might develop thalamic syndrome. The objective of this report was to demonstrate the use of electroacupuncture as adjuvant in the treatment of central pain, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome difficult to control with pharmacologic therapy. CASE REPORT: This is a 46 year-old female with history of ischemic stroke in the left temporoparietal region in April 2003 that evolved to right hemiparesis and hemitaxia. One year later, the patient developed continuous, insidious pain on the right side of the body with allodynia and hyperalgia, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome. In January 2006, she was admitted to the department of pain therapy and palliative care of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo where pharmacologic treatment was instituted with poor response; she was scheduled for neurofunctional surgery. In July 2009, electroacupuncture, in an attempt to obtain better pain control, was proposed to the patient. Electroacupuncture was done on points in the scalp. After the 11(th) session, her pain was controlled, with no use of opioids or topical amitriptyline, her well-being had increased, her motor coordination improved, she presented global pain reduction, complete in hand and face. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of electroacupuncture in pain control and well-being are in agreement with modern studies which demonstrated activation of antinociceptive pathways in the brain. Controlled prospective studies are required to reaffirm and consolidate electroacupuncture as an important technique in controlling central pain.

Acupuntura como tratamento coadjuvante na síndrome talâmica: relato de caso / Acupuncture as adjuvant therapy in thalamic syndrome: case report / La acupuntura como tratamiento coadyuvante en el síndrome talámico: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças cerebrovasculares são responsáveis por grande parte das mortes no mundo. Entre os sobreviventes, a maioria das sequelas limitantes encontradas nos pacientes é motora, mas quando vias ou centros sensitivos são afetados os pacientes podem evoluir com alterações de sensibilidade na região corpórea representada pela área encefálica atingida. Quando a região acometida relaciona-se com o tálamo pode ocorrer síndrome talâmica. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi demonstrar o uso da eletroacupuntura como coadjuvante no tratamento de dor central, diagnosticada como síndrome talâmica de difícil controle com tratamento farmacológico. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 46 anos, com história de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico que acometeu região temporoparietal esquerda em abril de 2003, evoluiu com hemiparesia e hemitaxia à direita. Após um ano, iniciou-se quadro doloroso insidioso, contínuo, difuso em hemicorpo direito, acompanhado de alodínea e hiperalgesia, diagnosticado como síndrome talâmica. Em janeiro de 2006, deu entrada no serviço de terapia da dor e medicina paliativa da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e iniciou tratamento farmacológico com resposta ruim, sendo programada para abordagem neurofuncional. Em julho de 2009, propôs-se à paciente tratamento com eletroacupuntura na tentativa de melhor controle de quadro álgico. Foram realizadas sessões de eletroacupuntura em pontos em couro cabeludo e membros. Após a décima primeira sessão, a paciente encontrava-se com quadro álgico controlado, sem uso de opioides e amitriptilina tópica, sensação de bem-estar elevada, maior coordenação motora, diminuição global da dor, sendo completa em mão e face. CONCLUSÕES: A eficácia da eletroacupuntura no controle do quadro álgico e no aumento do bem-estar encontra-se em concordância com estudos modernos, os quais demonstraram ativação de vias antinociceptivas encefálicas pela eletroacupuntura. Estudos clínicos prospectivos controlados são necessários para reafirmar e consolidar a eletroacupuntura como um importante instrumento no controle da dor central.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebrovascular diseases are responsible for a large proportion of deaths in the world. Among survivors, the majority of limiting sequelae observed is motor in origin; but when sensorial pathways or centers are affected patients can evolve with sensorial changes in the body region represented by the area of the brain affected. When the affected area is related to the thalamus the patient might develop thalamic syndrome. The objective of this report was to demonstrate the use of electroacupuncture as adjuvant in the treatment of central pain, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome difficult to control with pharmacologic therapy. CASE REPORT: This is a 46 year-old female with history of ischemic stroke in the left temporoparietal region in April 2003 that evolved to right hemiparesis and hemitaxia. One year later, the patient developed continuous, insidious pain on the right side of the body with allodynia and hyperalgia, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome. In January 2006, she was admitted to the department of pain therapy and palliative care of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo where pharmacologic treatment was instituted with poor response; she was scheduled for neurofunctional surgery. In July 2009, electroacupuncture, in an attempt to obtain better pain control, was proposed to the patient. Electroacupuncture was done on points in the scalp. After the 11th session, her pain was controlled, with no use of opioids or topical amitriptyline, her well-being had increased, her motor coordination improved, she presented global pain reduction, complete in hand and face. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of electroacupuncture in pain control and well-being are in agreement with modern studies which demonstrated activation of antinociceptive pathways in the brain. Controlled prospective studies are required to reaffirm and consolidate electroacupuncture as an important technique in controlling central pain.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son las responsables de una gran parte de las muertes en todo el mundo. Entre los sobrevivientes, la mayoría de las secuelas limitantes encontradas en los pacientes es motora, pero cuando se afectan vías o centros sensitivos, los pacientes pueden evolucionar con alteraciones de sensibilidad en la región corporal representada por el área encefálica afectada. Cuando la región acometida se relaciona con el tálamo, puede ocurrir el síndrome talámico. El objetivo de este relato de caso fue demostrar el uso de la electroacupuntura como coadyuvante en el tratamiento del dolor central, diagnosticado como síndrome talámico de difícil control con un tratamiento farmacológico. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 46 años, con historial de accidente vascular encefálico isquémico, que le acometió la región temporoparietal izquierda en abril de 2003, evolucionando con hemiparesia y hemitaxia a la derecha. Después de un año, se inició el cuadro doloroso insidioso, continuo, difuso en el hemicuerpo derecho, seguido de alodínea e hiperalgesia, diagnosticado como síndrome talámico. En enero de 2006, se presentó en el servicio de terapia del dolor y medicina paliativa de la Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo y empezó el tratamiento farmacológico con una mala respuesta, siendo programada para el abordaje en la neurofuncional. En julio de 2009, se le propuso el tratamiento con electroacupuntura en un intento de mejorar el control del cuadro álgico. Se realizaron sesiones de electroacupuntura en puntos en el cuero cabelludo y en los miembros. Después de la décima primera sesión, la paciente estaba con un cuadro álgico controlado, sin uso de opioides y amitriptilina tópica, una sensación de bienestar elevada, una mayor coordinación motora, y la disminución global del dolor verificada ya en la mano y la cara. CONCLUSIONES: La eficacia de la electroacupuntura en el control del cuadro álgico y en el aumento del bienestar, está a tono con los estudios modernos, que demuestran una activación de las vías antinociceptivas encefálicas por la electroacupuntura. Estudios clínicos prospectivos controlados son necesarios para reafirmar y consolidar la electroacupuntura como un importante instrumento en el control del dolor central.

Supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a comparative clinical study between bupivacaine and levobupivacaine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brachial plexus block is used in surgical procedures of the upper limbs. The brachial plexus is a potential territory for absorption of local anesthetics. Studies on bupivacaine isomers have shown reduced cardiovascular toxicity of its levorotatory form (levobupivacaine). However, the anesthetic efficacy (sensorial and motor blockades) of levobupivacaine in neuroaxis blocks has been debated. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block, using the perivascular subclavian approach, by comparing it to racemic bupivacaine. METHODS: Fifty adult patients of both genders, ASA I and II, underwent subclavian perivascular brachial plexus block, with the aid of a peripheral neurostimulator, for orthopedic surgeries of the upper limbs. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: G BUPI - racemic bupivacaine, and G LEVO - levobupivacaine, and they received 30 mL of the 0.5% solution. Sensorial blockade was evaluated by pinprick stimulation from C5 to C8 metameres; and the motor blockade was assessed 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after the administration of the local anesthetic or until blockade of fingers, hand, forearm, and arm movements was observed. RESULTS: Statistical differences in latency, failure rate, and degree of the motor blockade, and failure of the sensorial blockade between both groups were not observed, but the latency of the sensorial blockade in all metameres analyzed showed statistically significant differences. Adverse events inherent to the administration of local anesthetics were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block was similar to that of the racemic solution commonly used.

Bloqueio do plexo braquial por via supraclavicular: estudo clínico comparativo entre bupivacaína e levobupivacaína / Bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía supraclavicular: estudio clínico comparativo entre bupivacaína y levobupivacaína / Supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a comparative clinical study between bupivacaine and levobupivacaine

Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio de plexo braquial é técnica anestésica utilizada para procedimentos em membros superiores. O plexo braquial é território potencial para absorção de anestésicos locais. Estudos dos estereoisômeros da bupivacaína vêm demonstrando menor potencial de toxicidade da fração levógira (levobupivacaína) sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Porém, é discutida a eficácia anestésica (bloqueio sensitivo e motor) da levobupivacaína em anestesia do neuroeixo. Este estudo visa demonstrar a eficácia anestésica da levobupivacaína, comparandoa com a bupivacaína racêmica em bloqueio de plexo...

Background and objetives: Brachial plexus block is used in surgical procedures of the upper limbs. The brachial plexus is a potential territory for absorption of local anesthetics. Studies on bupivacaine isomers have shown reduced cardiovascular toxicity of its levorotatory form (levobupivacaine). However, the anesthetic efficacy (sensorial and motor blockades) of levobupivacaine in neuroaxis blocks has been debated. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block, using the perivascular subclavian approach, by comparing...

Justificativa y objetivos: El bloqueo de plexo braquial es la técnica anestésica utilizada para procedimientos en miembros superiores. El plexo braquial es el territorio potencial para la absorción de anestésicos locales. Estudios de los estereoisómeros de la bupivacaína han venido demostrando un menor potencial de toxicidad de la fracción levógira (levobupivacaína), sobre el sistema cardiovascular. Sin embargo, se discute la eficacia anestésica (bloqueo sensitivo y motor), de la levobupivacaína en anestesia del neuro eje. Este estudio pretende demostrar la eficacia anestésica de la levobupivacaína...

[Use of forced-air to prevent intraoperative hypothermia]. / Uso da manta térmica na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória.

OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia is a life-threatening event during the perioperative period. No consensus has been reached about the best active warming approach for such cases. Furthermore there is no consensus on the most appropriate time to warm a hypothermic patient. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a forced-air blanket to warm patients at 38 degrees C before and during surgery. Following utilization of the forced-air blanket, adverse effects were evaluated. METHODS: Patients submitted to orthopedic surgeries were divided into four groups of 15 patients. In the control group (Gcont), patients were not warmed with a forced-air blanket. In the preoperative group (Gpre), intraoperative group (Gintra), and total group (Gtotal), patients were warmed at 38 degrees C, during 30 minutes before anesthetic induction, after anesthetic induction up to 120 minutes and before and after the induction, respectively. Parameters evaluated were central (tympanic) temperature, peripheral (skin) temperature, operating room temperature, variations in the hemodynamic conditions and warming-induced adverse effects. RESULTS: Only Gtotal did not show significant variation in central temperature. Central temperatures of Gtotal patients were significantly higher (p <0.05) than those of other groups at 60 and 120 min after induction. In Gcont, Gpre and Gintra, patients were hypothermic at 60 min. CONCLUSION: The forced-air blanket is effective to prevent intraoperative hypothermia when applied for a period ranging from 30 min before anesthetic induction to 120 min after anesthetic induction. In the conditions of this study, adverse effects were not observed.

[Evaluation of preoperative anxiety and depression in patients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures]. / Avaliação da ansiedade e depressão no período pré-operatório em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardíacos invasivos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Specific assessment of anxiety and depression is not included in routine preoperative evaluation; therefore, in cases of cardiac diseases in which the emotional status of the patient may be modified by the disease those disorders may not be diagnosed. The objective of the present study was to compare the level and prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with cardiac disease undergoing invasive and/or surgical procedures using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HAD. METHODS: After approval by the Ethics Committee, 96 patients, physical status ASA II and III, were divided in three groups: electrophysiological study (EPS), pacemaker (PM) placement, and myocardial revascularization (MR). 'Cutting points' were as follows: HAD-anxiety scale (HAD-A) with anxiety > 9; HAD-depression scale (HAD-D) with depression > 9. RESULTS: All three groups were homogenous regarding sociodemographic parameters. Statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups (p = 0.006; p = 0.034) in the level and prevalence of anxiety (HAD-A); and in the intergroup comparison of the anxiety level significant differences were observed between the EPS x MR and EPS x PM groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences in the level and prevalence of depression (HAD-D) among the study groups were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cardiac diseases undergoing electrophysiological studies, pacemaker implantation, and myocardial revascularization have different levels and prevalence of anxiety, but they do not show differences in the level and prevalence of depression.

Avaliação da ansiedade e depressão no período pré-operatório em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardíacos invasivos / Evaluación de la ansiedad y depresión en el período preoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardíacos / Evaluation of preoperative anxiety and depression in patients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação específica da ansiedade e da depressão não está incluída na rotina de avaliação pré-operatória, o que faz com que em situações como as doenças cardíacas, em que o estado emocional dos pacientes pode estar modificado pela própria doença, possam não ser diagnosticadas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o nível e a prevalência de ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com doença cardíaca a serem submetidos a procedimentos invasivos e/ou cirúrgicos, utilizando a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HAD). MÉTODO: Após a aprovação pelos Comitês de Ética, foram incluídos 96 pacientes, estado físico ASA II e III, que constituíram três grupos: estudo eletrofisiológico (EEF), implante de marcapasso (MP) e revascularização do miocárdio (RM). Os escores considerados "ponto de corte" foram: escala HAD-ansiedade (HAD-A) com ansiedade > 9; escala HAD-depressão (HAD-D) com depressão > 9. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram homogêneos quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas. Observou-se diferença estatística significativa entre os três grupos (p = 0,006; p = 0,034) quanto ao nível e prevalência de ansiedade (HAD-A) e na comparação do nível de ansiedade grupo a grupo verificou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos EEF × RM e EEF × MP (p < 0,05). A comparação dos três grupos quanto ao nível e prevalência de depressão (HAD-D) não mostrou diferença estatística significativa. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com doença cardíaca a serem submetidos a estudo eletrofisiológico, implante de marcapasso e revascularização do miocárdio têm diferença dos níveis e prevalência de ansiedade, mas não apresentam diferença em relação aos níveis e prevalência de depressão.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Specific assessment of anxiety and depression is not included in routine preoperative evaluation; therefore, in cases of cardiac diseases in which the emotional status of the patient may be modified by the disease those disorders may not be diagnosed. The objective of the present study was to compare the level and prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with cardiac disease undergoing invasive and/or surgical procedures using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HAD. METHODS: After approval by the Ethics Committee, 96 patients, physical status ASA II and III, were divided in three groups: electrophysiological study (EPS), pacemaker (PM) placement, and myocardial revascularization (MR). "Cutting points" were as follows: HAD-anxiety scale (HAD-A) with anxiety > 9; HAD-depression scale (HAD-D) with depression > 9. RESULTS: All three groups were homogenous regarding sociodemographic parameters. Statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups (p = 0.006; p = 0.034) in the level and prevalence of anxiety (HAD-A); and in the intergroup comparison of the anxiety level significant differences were observed between the EPS x MR and EPS x PM groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences in the level and prevalence of depression (HAD-D) among the study groups were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cardiac diseases undergoing electrophysiological studies, pacemaker implantation, and myocardial revascularization have different levels and prevalence of anxiety, but they do not show differences in the level and prevalence of depression.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La evaluación específica de la ansiedad y de la depresión no está incluida en la rutina de evaluación preoperatoria, lo que hace con que en algunas situaciones como las enfermedades cardiacas, en que el estado emocional de los pacientes puede estar modificado por la propia enfermedad, puedan no quedar diagnosticadas. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el nivel y la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con enfermedad cardiaca a ser sometidos a procedimientos invasivos y/o quirúrgicos, utilizando la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HAD). MÉTODO: Después de la aprobación por parte de los Comités de Ética, se incluyeron 96 pacientes, estado físico ASA II y III, que constituyeron tres grupos: estudio electrofisiológico (EEF), implante de marcapaso (MP) y revascularización del miocardio (RM). Las puntuaciones consideradas "punto de corte" fueron las siguientes: escala HAD-ansiedad (HAD-A): con ansiedad > 9; escala HAD-depresión (HAD-D): con depresión > 9. RESULTADOS: Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a las variables sociodemográficas. Se observó una diferencia estadística significativa entre los tres grupos (p = 0,006; p = 0,034) en lo concerniente al nivel y a la prevalencia de ansiedad (HAD-A) y en la comparación del nivel de ansiedad grupo a grupo, se verificó la diferencia significativa entre los grupos EEF x RM y EEF x MP (p < 0,05). La comparación de los tres grupos en cuanto al nivel y a la prevalencia de Depresión (HAD-D) no arrojó diferencia estadística significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con enfermedad cardiaca a ser sometidos a estudio electrofisiológico, implante de marcapaso y revascularización del miocardio, tienen diferencia de los niveles y prevalencia de ansiedad, pero no presentan diferencia con relación a los niveles y a la prevalencia de depresión.

Uso da manta térmica na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória / Use of forced-air to prevent intraoperative hypothermia

OBJETIVO: A hipotermia é prejudicial no período perioperatório. Não há consenso sobre o melhor método de aquecimento ativo e nem sobre o melhor período para fazê-lo. Este estudo teve como objetivo primário verificar a eficácia de diferentes períodos de utilização da manta térmica à temperatura de 38°C, como método de prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória. Como objetivo secundário avaliou-se os efeitos adversos do uso da manta térmica na temperatura de 38°C. MÉTODOS: Foram comparados quatro grupos de 15 pacientes submetidos a operações ortopédicas. No grupo controle (Gcont) os pacientes não utilizaram manta térmica, nos grupos pré (Gpré), intra (Gintra) e total (Gtotal), os pacientes utilizaram manta térmica a 38ºC, respectivamente, durante 30 minutos antes da indução anestésica, após a indução anestésica até 120 minutos e antes e após a indução. Foram avaliados: temperatura central (timpânica), periférica (pele), da sala cirúrgica, variação das condições hemodinâmicas e efeitos adversos do aquecimento. RESULTADOS: O Gtotal foi o único grupo que não teve variação significativa da temperatura central. A temperatura central dos pacientes do grupo Gtotal foi significativamente maior (p <0,05) do que a dos outros grupos aos 60 e 120 min após a indução. Os pacientes dos grupos Gcont, Gpré e Gintra apresentaram hipotermia aos 60 min. CONCLUSÃO: O uso da manta térmica com fluxo de ar aquecido foi eficaz como método de prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória quando foi empregada desde 30 min antes da indução anestésica até 120 min após o início da anestesia. Nas condições do estudo não ocorreram eventos adversos.

OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia is a life-threatening event during the perioperative period. No consensus has been reached about the best active warming approach for such cases. Furthermore there is no consensus on the most appropriate time to warm a hypothermic patient. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a forced-air blanket to warm patients at 38ºC before and during surgery. Following utilization of the forced-air blanket, adverse effects were evaluated. METHODS: Patients submitted to orthopedic surgeries were divided into four groups of 15 patients. In the control group (Gcont), patients were not warmed with a forced-air blanket. In the preoperative group (Gpre), intraoperative group (Gintra), and total group (Gtotal), patients were warmed at 38°C, during 30 minutes before anesthetic induction, after anesthetic induction up to 120 minutes and before and after the induction, respectively. Parameters evaluated were central (tympanic) temperature, peripheral (skin) temperature, operating room temperature, variations in the hemodynamic conditions and warming-induced adverse effects. RESULTS: Only Gtotal did not show significant variation in central temperature. Central temperatures of Gtotal patients were significantly higher (p <0.05) than those of other groups at 60 and 120 min after induction. In Gcont, Gpre and Gintra, patients were hypothermic at 60 min. CONCLUSION: The forced-air blanket is effective to prevent intraoperative hypothermia when applied for a period ranging from 30 min before anesthetic induction to 120 min after anesthetic induction. In the conditions of this study, adverse effects were not observed.

Dor neuropática: aspectos neuroquímicos: [revisão] / Dolor neuropático: aspectos neuroquímicos: [revisión] / Neuropathic pain: neurochemical aspects: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor neuropática é causada por lesão ou inflamação do sistema nervoso. É síndrome complexa, com mecanismos biológicos pouco esclarecidos, envolvendo teorias inflamatórias e imunes. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os principais fatores biológicos relacionados com a dor neuropática, associando de forma lógica as hipóteses sugeridas pela literatura. CONTEÚDO: Foram descritos os principais neuromediadores, canais iônicos e células, incluindo as do sistema imune envolvidos na excitabilidade neuronal, assim como enfatizada possível seqüência de ativação ou interação desses agentes na alteração neuroplástica decorrente da agressão ao nervo. CONCLUSÕES: Do estudo, foi possível concluir que os avanços no conhecimento da fisiopatologia da dor neuropática podem determinar novos alvos para abordagem farmacológica dessa síndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or inflammation of the nervous system. It is a complex syndrome and its biological mechanisms, involving inflammatory and immunologic theories, are not clear. The objective of this review was to describe the main biologic factors associated with neuropathic pain, making a logical association between hypotheses suggested in the literature. CONTENTS: The main neuromediators, ion channels, and cells, including cells in the nervous system involved in neuronal excitation are described, and the possible activation sequence or interaction among those agents in the neoplastic change secondary to nerve damage are emphasized. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to conclude that the advances on the knowledge of the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain can determine new pharmacologic approaches for this syndrome.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El dolor Neuropático lo causa la lesión o inflamación del sistema nervioso. Es un síndrome complejo, con mecanismos biológicos poco aclarados, que envuelve teorías inflamatorias e inmunes. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los principales factores biológicos relacionados con el dolor Neuropático, asociando de forma lógica a las hipótesis sugeridas por la literatura. CONTENIDO: Fueron descritos los principales neuromediadores, canales iónicos y células, incluyendo las del sistema inmune involucrados en la excitabilidad neuronal, como también la posible secuencia de activación o interacción de esos agentes en la alteración neuroplástica proveniente e la agresión al nervio. CONCLUSIONES: De ese estudio, se pudo concluir que los avances en el conocimiento de la fisiopatología del dolor Neuropático, pueden determinar nuevos objetivos para el abordaje farmacológico de ese síndrome.